![]() ![]() Auditory perception yields recognition of the location of sound sources and of structures such as melodies and speech. The position of the parts of the body are also perceived with respect to one another whether they are stationary (proprioception) or in motion (kinesthesis), and the position of the body is experienced with respect to the environment through receptors sensitive to gravity such as those in the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear. Such experiences derive from receptors in the skin (tactile perception), but more importantly, from the positioning of the fingers with respect to one another when an object is grasped, the latter information arising from receptors in the muscles and joints (haptic or tactual perception). Certainly things and their movement may be experienced through the sense of touch. Since objects or events are not experienced only through vision, the term perception obviously applies to other sense modalities as well. While no sharp line of demarcation between these topics exists, it is fair to say that sensory qualities are generally explicable on the basis of mechanisms within the receptor organ, whereas object and event perception entails higher-level activity of the brain. In contemporary psychology, interest generally focuses on perception or the apprehension of objects or events, rather than simply on sensation or sensory process. Most likely, it is the final neural processing in the brain that underlies or causes perceptual experience, and so perceptionlike experiences can sometimes occur without external stimulation of the receptor organs, as in dreams. This stimulation is transformed or encoded into neural activity (by specialized receptor mechanisms) and is relayed to more central regions of the nervous system where further neural processing occurs. Those subjective experiences of objects or events that ordinarily result from stimulation of the receptor organs of the body. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia™ Copyright © 2022, Columbia University Press. William Dobelle's research, for instance, has offered significant hope for the blind. Recent studies have shown that stimuli are actually perceived in the brain, while sensory organs merely gather the signals. An absolute threshold is the minimal physical intensity of a stimulus that a subject can normally perceive, whereas a difference threshold is the minimal amount of change in a stimulus that can be consciously detected by the subject. Depth perception, considered to be innate in most animals, is produced by a variety of visual cues indicating perspective, and by a slight disparity in the images of an object on the two retinas. Through selective attention, the subject focuses on a limited number of stimuli, and ignores those that are considered less important. Perceptual constancy is the tendency of a subject to interpret one object in the same manner, regardless of such variations as distance, angle of sight, or brightness. Stimulus elements in visual organization form perceived patterns according to their nearness to each other, their similarity, the tendency for the subject to perceive complete figures, and the ability of the subject to distinguish important figures from background. Perception is influenced by a variety of factors, including the intensity and physical dimensions of the stimulus such activities of the sense organs as effects of preceding stimulation the subject's past experience attention factors such as readiness to respond to a stimulus and motivation and emotional state of the subject. ![]() The Gestalt psychologists studied extensively the ways in which people organize and select from the vast array of stimuli that are presented to them, concentrating particularly on visual stimuli. ![]() Perception, in psychology, mental organization and interpretation of sensory information. ![]()
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